Reported speech
Правила преобразования direct to reported
Примеры согласования времен:
| Все были уверены, что Борис хорошо сдаст экзамены. | Everybody was sure that Boris would pass the exams very well. |
При использовании косвенной речи, мы обычно говорим в прошедшем времени, например am/is → was. are → were, have/has → had, will → would, can → could, know - > knew etc.
| today | → | that day (тот день) или оставить today |
| tonight | → | that night |
| now | → | than (затем) или оставить now |
| yesterday | → | the day before |
| tomorrow | → | the next day |
| … ago | → | … before |
| this (morning) | → | that … |
| these … | → | those … |
| here (здесь) | → | there (там) |
| last year | → | the year before (годом ранее) |
| last month | → | the month before (месяцем ранее) |
| last … | → | the … before |
| next year | → | the following year (в следующем году) |
| next … | → | the following … |
| must | → | had to |
| Таблица преобразования прямой речи в косвенную | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | ||
| Present Simple | “I am tired.” “I love you.” | Past Simple | She said she was tired. He said he loved her. |
| “We don’t like rock music.” | They said they didn’t like rock music. | ||
| “I can swim.” | He said he could swim. | ||
| Present Continuous | “I’m reading a book.” | Past Continuous | She said she was reading a book. |
| “We aren’t watching TV.” | They told us they were not watching TV. | ||
| Present Perfect | “I’ve passed all my exams.” | Past Perfect | Jack said he had passed all his exams. |
| “I’ve never been to Rome.” | Mary said she had never been to Rome. | ||
| Present Perfect Continuous | “I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour.” | Past Perfect Continuous | He told me he had been waiting for me for half an hour. |
| Past Simple (остается в Past Simple или преобразовывается в Past Perfect.) | “I was born in Rome.” | Past Perfect | She mentioned she had been born in Rome. |
| “I went to the cinema.” | He explained he had gone to the cinema. | ||
| “We worked.” | They told us they had worked. | ||
| “We didn’t know that.” | They claimed they hadn’t known that. | ||
| Past Continuous | “I was sleeping at 5 o’clock.” | Past Perfect Continuous | He said he had been sleeping at 5 o’clock. |
| We were having dinner.” | They told me they had been having dinner. | ||
| Future Simple | “I will help you.” | Future Simple in the Past (will→would) | He told me he would help me. |
| “I won’t forget.” | She said she wouldn’t forget. | ||
| Future Continuous | “I’ll be waiting for you.” | Future Continuous in the Past | She said she would be waiting for us. |
| Future Perfect | “I’ll have finished that then.” | Future Perfect in the Past | He promised he would have finished it then. |
Say или tell
for orders and request
Косвенная речь в приказах и просьбах (for orders and request). При передаче команды, просьбы или приказа в косвенной речи в английском языке используется инфинитив глагола с частицей "to” – "to do”, "to stand”, "to read” и т.д.
| direct | 'Don't shout', I said to Jim. |
| reported | I told Jim not to shout. |
| direct | 'Can you open the door for me, Tom?', Ann asked. |
| reported | Ann asked Tom to open the door for her. |
Главное предложение в косвенной речи может вводиться с помощью глагола ask, если это просьба или tell, если это приказ. И чтобы не повторять все время "he told” или "she asked”, используйте и другие слова:
Косвенная речь образуется по правилу: +that-clause
- to agree (соглашаться): He agreed that she was very kind.
- to inform (информировать): He informed me that my request was being reviewed.
- to claim (подтверждать): He claimed that he had seen the accident.
- to complain (жаловаться)
- to deny (отрицать)
- to exclaim (восклицать)
- to explain (объяснять)
- to promise (обещать): He promised that he wouldn't be late.
- to suggest (предложить)
по правилу: +to-inf
- to demand (требовать): "Tell me the truth." - "Скажи мне правду." - He demanded to be told the truth.
- to offer (предложить): He offered to drive me home.
по правилу: somebody+to-inf
- to warn (предупреждать): He wanted me to be more polite.
- to advise (советовать)
| direct | reported |
|---|---|
| He said to me: "Ring me up tomorrow." | He asked (suggest) to ring me up the next day. |
Перевод вопросительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную
При переводе вопросов из прямой речи в косвенную у вас должно получиться сложносочинённое предложение, где слова автора будут главной частью, а косвенная речь — придаточной. То, как будет выглядеть ваше новое предложение в косвенной речи, зависит от того, с какого слова начинался вопрос в прямой речи.
Если прямая речь начиналась со слов what, where, when, who, which, whose, why, how many, how long и т.п., то в косвенной речи убирается вопросительный знак и меняется порядок слов в предложении. Сказуемое ставится после подлежащего, т.е. новое предложение становится, по сути, повествовательным:
| direct | He asked, "Where is my book?" |
| reported | He asked me where his book was. |
| direct | Nadia asked Annie, "What is he look like?" |
| reported | Nadia asked Annie what he was look like. |
| direct | We asked, "Who did this?" |
| reported | We asked who had done that. |
| direct | She asked, "How will you pay?" |
| reported | She asked me how I would pay. |
Вспомогательные и модальные глаголы
Если же оригинальное предложение с прямой речью начиналось с глагола to have, to be, can или may, то после слов автора ставится союз "if" или "whether", который в данном случае переводится как "ли", и ни в коем случае не как "если":
We asked, "May we expect our payment tomorrow?" We asked if (whether) we might expect our payment the next day.
He asked, "Have you been there?" He asked if I had been there.
She asked, "Are you all right?" She asked me whether I was all right.
Обратите внимание, что после этого "if" (которое переводится как "ли") можно использовать будущее время, а вот после "if", которое переводится как "если" — нельзя:
Let's ask him if he knows about it — Давай спросим, знает ли он об этом. Let's ask him if he knows about it — Давай спросим его, если он об этом знает.
Что же касается ответов в косвенной речи, то вместо слов "yes" и "no" в них используется либо положительная, либо отрицательная форма смыслового глагола:
We asked him, "Are you okay?" He answered, "Yes, I am / No, I'm not". We asked him whether he was okay. He answered he was / wasn't.
She asked, "Can you help?" I answered, "Yes, I can / No, I can't" She asked me whether I could help. I answered I could / couldn't.
He asked, "Do you know me? They answered, "Yes, we do / No, we don't". He asked whether they knew him. They answered they did / didn't.
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